In this article, Mathis HOUROU (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor in Business Administration (GBBA) 2022-2026) explains why Private Banking’s client segmentation is not just about sales, but also a crucial risk management tool for banks.
Introduction
In business school, we learn that client segmentation is a commercial tool. In Private Banking, it is used to group clients by wealth to offer them better services and adjust the pricing. However, during my experience at Société Générale Private Banking, I realized that segmentation is also a powerful risk management tool. Bankers have to take into account regulatory requirements such as KYC (Know Your Customer), as well as the client’s profile, risk tolerance, investment time, and biases.
This becomes even more important with complex products, such as structured products, where a mismatch can lead a client to losses he wasn’t ready to take. Such a situation can cause reputational issues, and regulatory risk for the bank.
This article will show how putting clients in different “boxes” helps banks to control risks and avoid potential disasters.
What is Client Segmentation?
In the context of Private Banking, client segmentation is the classification of clients into different categories in order to adapt the relationship and the level of risk.
Clients are not only grouped according to their AUM (Assets Under Management), but also on their financial experience, investment goals, time horizon, and their risk acceptance. This is all regulated by KYC and investor questionnaires.
On the first layer of this segmentation are the retail clients. These clients represent a vast majority of the clients and often have a low investing capacity.
Then you have the High-Net-Worth Individuals (HNWI), they have investing power and need advice.
Finally, the Ultra-High-Net-Worth Individuals (UHNWI). They are extremely wealthy clients with complex and various needs.
While this may look like a typical marketing pyramid, it is actually a security tool. Each level has strict rules on what the banker can and cannot sell and at what price.
The Global Wealth Pyramid.
Source: UBS Global Wealth Report.
Segmentation as a Shield against Bad Investments
The most important link between segmentation and risk is suitability. Not every client can handle the same risk. Segmentation helps the bank to define the limits, both to protect the client from unsuitable investments and to protect the bank from regulatory and reputational risk. For example, a risk-averse client in the “retail” segment shouldn’t have access to very volatile products like derivatives or Private Equity.
By using these segments, the bank avoids a “mismatch.” If a bank sells a risky product to a client who doesn’t understand it and loses money, they can have legal problems. Segmentation acts like a filter to prevent this from happening.
Managing Regulatory and Legal Risk
Today, regulations like MiFID II in Europe are very strict. Banks have to prove that the product is good for the client. Segmentation simplifies this, if a product is rated “Risk 5/5” for example, it will be automatically unavailable for clients in the “Conservative” segment.
This reduces the risk of lawsuits and fines and it ensures that the bank is really protecting the client, sometimes even against their own will, by refusing to sell them something too dangerous for their profile.
Risk vs Return relationship.
Source: J.P. Morgan Asset Management.
The Human Factor: Behavioral Risk
Risk is not just about numbers; it is also about psychology. In fact, behavioral risk is often underestimated because difficult to measure.
For example, when the market crashes, clients can react differently. An educated investor is going to see an opportunity to buy and will stay calm and steady, while a less experienced client might panic and sell everything at the bottom in fear of losing everything he has.
Finally, segmentation helps bankers to anticipate these reactions because they know that one specific segment needs reassurance and phone calls during a crisis, while another segment is going to be more resilient and will want updates on new opportunities.
Conclusion
To conclude, client segmentation is often shown in Business Schools as a way to maximize profits, but in Private Banking, it is a good way to minimize risks.
It protects the client and the bank at the same time. It makes sure that complicated products are only sold to the clients who understand them, and it helps bankers manage the emotions of the investors.
For us finance students, this is a great lesson: risk management is not just about Excel sheets and formulas. It starts with knowing exactly who your client is.
Related posts on the SimTrade blog
▶ Mathis HOUROU My internship experience as a Counterparty Risk Analyst at Société Générale
▶ Julien MAUROY Managing Corporate Risk: How Consulting and Export Finance Complement Each Other
▶ Rishika YADAV Understanding Risk-Adjusted Return: Sharpe Ratio & Beyond
▶ Michel VERHASSELT Risk comes from not knowing what you are doing
Useful resources
J.P. Morgan Asset Management Guide to the Markets (Europe)
UBS UBS Global Wealth Report 2025
About the author
The article was written in February 2026 by Mathis HOUROU (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor in Business Administration (GBBA)).
▶ Discover all articles by Mathis HOUROU.
